International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 13, Issue 3 , Pages 380-386 , May 2009

The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002–2007

  • Gul Ruhsar Yilmaz

      Affiliations

    • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Primary Health Care, Mithatpasa Cad. 3, 06434 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +90 312 5851390; fax: +90 312 4322994.
    • ,
  • Turan Buzgan

      Affiliations

    • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Primary Health Care, Mithatpasa Cad. 3, 06434 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
    • ,
  • Hasan Irmak

      Affiliations

    • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Primary Health Care, Mithatpasa Cad. 3, 06434 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
    • ,
  • Ahmet Safran

      Affiliations

    • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Primary Health Care, Mithatpasa Cad. 3, 06434 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
    • ,
  • Ramazan Uzun

      Affiliations

    • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Primary Health Care, Mithatpasa Cad. 3, 06434 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
    • ,
  • Mustafa Aydin Cevik

      Affiliations

    • Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
    • ,
  • Mehmet Ali Torunoglu

      Affiliations

    • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Primary Health Care, Mithatpasa Cad. 3, 06434 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey

Received 23 March 2008 ,Revised 30 June 2008 ,Accepted 11 July 2008.

References 

  1. Papa A, Christova I, Papadimitriou E, Antoniadis A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1465–1467
  2. ProMED-mail (Program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Kazakhstan, Russia; 2007. Available at: http://www.radiomayak.ru/doc.html?id=25314&cid= (accessed July 2007).
  3. Alavi-Naini R, Moghtaderib A, Koohpayeha HR, Sharifi-Mooda B, Naderia M, Metanata M, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Southeast of Iran. J Infect. 2006;52:378–382
  4. Al-Tikriti SK, Al-Ani F, Jurji FJ, Tantawi H, Al-Moslih M, Al-Janabi N, et al. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq. Bull World Health Organ. 1981;59:85–90
  5. Karti SS, Odabasi Z, Korten V, Yilmaz M, Sonmez M, Caylan R, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1379–1384
  6. Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Dokuzoguz B, Eren S, Baykam N, Esener H. Characteristics of patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in a recent outbreak in Turkey and impact of oral ribavirin therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:284–287
  7. Bakir M, Ugurlu M, Dokuzoguz B, Bodur H, Tasyaran MA, Vahaboglu H the Turkish CCHF Study Group. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54:385–389
  8. Ozkurt Z, Kiki I, Erol S, Erdem F, Yilmaz N, Parlak M, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Turkey: clinical features, risk factors and efficacy of ribavirin therapy. J Infect. 2006;52:207–215
  9. Tonbak S, Aktas M, Altay K, Azkur AK, Kalkan A, Bolat Y, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: genetic analysis and tick survey in Turkey. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:4120–4124
  10. Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Baykam N, Eren S, Dokuzoguz B. Analysis of risk-factors among patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection: severity criteria revisited. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:551–554
  11. Ergonul O, Tuncbilek S, Baykam N, Celikbas A, Dokuzoguz B. Evaluation of serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:941–944
  12. Sonmez M, Aydin K, Durmus A, Sucu N, Yilmaz M, Akdogan E. Plasma activity of activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Infect. 2007;55:184–187
  13. Fisgin NT, Fisgin T, Tanyel E, Doganci L, Tulek N, Guler N, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: five patients with hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2008;83:73–76
  14. Cevik MA, Erbay A, Bodur H, Eren SS, Akinci E, Sener K, et al. Viral load as a predictor of outcome in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:e96–100
  15. Cevik MA, Erbay A, Bodur H, Gülderen E, Bastug A, Kubar A, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: predictors of fatality. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:374–379
  16. Gozalan A, Esen B, Fitzner J, Tapar FS, Peker Ozkan A, Georges-Courbot MC, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in Turkey. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39:332–336
  17. Ergonul O, Zeller H, Celikbas A, Dokuzoguz B. The lack of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in healthcare workers in an endemic region. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11:48–51
  18. Watts DM, Ksiazek TG, Linthicum KJ, Hoogstraal H. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In:  Monath TP editors. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. Vol. II:Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press; 1989;p. 177–222
  19. ProMED-mail (Program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Kazakhstan, Russia; 2007. Available at: http://kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/1191370.html (accessed July 2007).
  20. World Health Organization. Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR). Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Kosovo—update 5; 2001. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_06_29e/en/ (accessed September 2008).
  21. Estrada-Pena A, Vatansever Z, Gargili A, Aktas M, Uzun R, Ergonul O, et al. Modeling the spatial distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007;4:1–12
  22. Whitehouse CA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antivir Res. 2004;64:145–160
  23. Vorou R, Pierroutsakos IN, Maltezou HC. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007;20:495–500
  24. Cevik MA, Uzun R, Yilmaz N, Ugurlu M, Elaldi N, Bodur H, et al. Risk factors for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Central Anatolia: a case control study. R2227. In: 15th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID). Copenhagen, Denmark, April 2–5. 2005;
  25. Swanepoel R, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Shepherd SP, Miller GB. A common-source outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever on a dairy farm. S Afr Med J. 1985;68:635–637
  26. Izadi S, Holakouie-Naieni K, Majdzadeh SR, Chinikar S, Nadim A, Rakhshani F, et al. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Sistan-va-Baluchestan Province of Iran. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006;59:326–328
  27. Schwarz TF, Nsanze A, Ameen AM. Clinical features of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Infection. 1997;40:364–367
  28. Hoogstraal H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe and Africa. J Med Entomol. 1979;15:307–417
  29. Altaf A, Luby S, Ahmed AG, Zaidi N, Khan AJ, Mirza S, et al. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Quetta, Pakistan: contact tracing and risk assessment. Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3:878–882
  30. Van Eeden PJ, Joubert JR, van de Wal BW, King JB, de Kock A, Groenewald JH. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part I. Clinical features. S Afr Med J. 1985;68:711–717
  31. Fisher-Hoch SP, Khan JA, Rehman S, Mirza S, Khurshid M, McCormick JB. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever treated with oral ribavirin. Lancet. 1995;346:472–475
  32. Peters CJ, Bunyaviridae . California encephalitis. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and bunyavirid hemorrhagic fevers. In:  Mandell GL,  Bennett JE,  Dolin R editor. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed.. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005;p. 2086–2090
  33. Swanepoel R, Gill DE, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Mynhardt JH, Harvey S. The clinical pathology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(Suppl 4):S794–800
  34. Watts DM, Ussery MA, Nash D, Peters CJ. Inhibition of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viral infectivity yields in vitro by ribavirin. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;41:581–585
  35. Papa A, Bino S, Llagami A, Brahimaj B, Papadimitriou E, Pavlidou V, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Albania 2001. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:603–606
  36. Mardani M, Jahromi MK, Naieni KH, Zeinali M. The efficacy of oral ribavirin treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1613–1618
  37. Athar MN, Baqai HZ, Ahmad M, Khalid MA, Bashir N, Ahmad AM, et al. Short report: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, February 2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69:284–287
  38. Burney MI, Ghafoor A, Saleen M, Webb PA, Casals J. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean hemorrhagic fever–Congo virus in Pakistan, January 1976. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980;29:941–947
  39. Cevik MA, Elaldi N, Akinci E, Onguru P, Erbay A, Buzgan T, et al. A preliminary study to evaluate the effect of intravenous ribavirin treatment on survival rates in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. V-1907. In: Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Chicago, USA, September 17–20. 2007;

☆ In memory of Mustafa Aydin Cevik for all his support and guidance.

PII: S1201-9712(08)01496-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.07.021

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 13, Issue 3 , Pages 380-386 , May 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution