International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 13, Issue 5 , Pages 577-583 , September 2009

Primary drug resistance in antiretroviral-naïve injection drug users

  • Harout K. Tossonian

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
  • ,
  • Jesse D. Raffa

      Affiliations

    • Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
  • ,
  • Jason Grebely

      Affiliations

    • Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Sydney, Australia
  • ,
  • Mark Viljoen

      Affiliations

    • Pender Community Health Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
  • ,
  • Annabel Mead

      Affiliations

    • Pender Community Health Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
  • ,
  • Milan Khara

      Affiliations

    • Pender Community Health Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
  • ,
  • Mark McLean

      Affiliations

    • Pender Community Health Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
  • ,
  • Ashok Krishnamurthy

      Affiliations

    • Pender Community Health Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
  • ,
  • Stanley DeVlaming

      Affiliations

    • Pender Community Health Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
  • ,
  • Brian Conway

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 604 822 7684; fax: +1 604 822 6012.

Received 22 January 2008 ,Revised 2 August 2008 ,Accepted 31 August 2008.

References 

  1. Pallela FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853–860
  2. Lorenzi P, Opravil M, Hirschel B, Chave JP, Furrer HJ, Sax H, et al. Impact of drug resistance mutations on virologic response to salvage therapy. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS. 1999;13:F17–21
  3. Fox J, Dustan S, McClure M, Weber J, Fidler S. Transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 in primary HIV-1 infection; incidence, evolution and impact on response to antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2006;7:477–483
  4. Grant RM, Hecht FM, Warmerdam M, Liu L, Liegler T, Petropoulos CJ, et al. Time trends in primary HIV-1 drug resistance among recently infected persons. JAMA. 2002;288:181–188
  5. Little SJ, Holte S, Routy JP, Daar ES, Markowitz M, Collier AC, et al. Antiretroviral-drug resistance among patients recently infected with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:385–394
  6. Viani RM, Peralta L, Aldrovandi G, Kapogiannis BG, Mitchell R, Spector SA, et al. Prevalence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance among recently infected adolescents: a multicenter adolescent medicine trials network for HIV/AIDS interventions study. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1505–1509
  7. Shet A, Berry L, Mohri H, Mehandru S, Chung C, Kim A, et al. Tracking the prevalence of transmitted antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV-1: a decade of experience. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41:439–446
  8. Wensing AM, Boucher CA. Worldwide transmission of drug-resistant HIV. AIDS Rev. 2003;5:140–155
  9. Oette M, Kaiser R, Daumer M, Petch R, Fatkenheuer G, Carls H, et al. Primary drug resistance and efficacy of first-line antiretroviral therapy guided by resistance testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41:573–581
  10. Wensing A, van de Vijver D, Angarano G, Asjo B, Balotta C, Boeri E, et al. Prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in untreated individuals in Europe: implications for clinical management. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:958–966
  11. Novak RM, Chen L, MacArthur RD, Baxter JD, Huppler Hullsiek K, Peng G, et al. Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in chronically HIV-infected, treatment-naïve patients: implications for routine resistance screening before initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:468–474
  12. Weinstock HS, Zaidi I, Heneine W, Bennet D, Garcia-Lerma JG, Douglas JM, et al. The epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance among drug-naïve HIV-1 infected persons in 10 US cities. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:2174–2180
  13. Smith D, Moini N, Pesano R, Cachay E, Aiem H, Lie Y, et al. Clinical utility of HIV standard genotyping among antiretroviral-naïve individuals with unknown duration of infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:456–458
  14. Salomon H, Wainberg MA, Brenner B, Quan Y, Rouleau D, Cote P, et al. Prevalence of HIV-1 resistant to antiretroviral drugs in 81 individuals newly infected by sexual contact or injecting drug use. Investigators of the Quebec Primary Infection Study. AIDS. 2000;14:F17–23
  15. Conway B, Prasad J, Reynolds R, Farley J, Jones M, Jutha S, et al. Directly observed therapy for the management of HIV-infected patients in a methadone program. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(Suppl 5):S402–S408
  16. Mitty JA, Macalino GE, Bazerman LB, Loewenthal HG, Hogan JW, MacLeod CJ, et al. The use of community-based modified directly observed therapy for the treatment of HIV-infected persons. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39:545–550
  17. Tyndall MW, McNally M, Lai C, Zhang R, Wood E, Kerr T, et al. Directly observed therapy programmes for anti-retroviral treatment amongst injection drug users in Vancouver: access, adherence and outcomes. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18:281–287
  18. Johnson VA, Brun-Vezinet F, Clotet B, Gunthard HF, Kuritzkes DR, Pillay D, et al. Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: 2007. Top HIV Med. 2007;15:119–125
  19. Brown AJ, Precious HM, Whitcomb JM, Wong JK, Quigg M, Huang W, et al. Reduced susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from patients with primary HIV infection to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is associated with variation at novel amino acid sites. J Virol. 2000;74:10269–10273
  20. Sagir A, Oette M, Kaiser R, Daumer M, Fatkenheuer G, Rockstroh JK, et al. Trends of prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:843–848
  21. Gonsalez CR, Alcalde R, Nishiya A, Barreto CC, Silva FE, de Almeida A, et al. Drug resistance among chronic HIV-1-infected patients naïve for use of anti-retroviral therapy in Sao Paulo city. Virus Res. 2007;129:87–90
  22. Alexander CS, Dong W, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV, Strathdee SA, Mo T, et al. Prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance among seroconverters during an explosive outbreak of HIV infection among injecting drug users. AIDS. 1999;13:981–985
  23. Munoz M, Carmona R, Perez-Alvarez L, Cilla G, Suarez MD, Delgado E, et al. Analysis of discrepancies in the interpretation of antiretroviral drug resistance results in HIV-1 infected patients of Basque Country, Spain. J Clin Virol. 2005;33:224–229
  24. Zolopa AR. Genotype–phenotype discordance: the evolution in our understanding HIV-1 drug resistance. AIDS. 2003;17:1077–1078
  25. Routy JP, Machouf N, Edwardes MD, Brenner BG, Thomas R, Trottier B, et al. Factors associated with a decrease in the prevalence of drug resistance in newly HIV-1 infected individuals in Montreal. AIDS. 2004;18:2305–2312
  26. Strathdee SA, Palepu A, Cornelisse PG, Yip B, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS, et al. Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users. JAMA. 1998;280:547–549
  27. Celentano DD, Galai N, Sethi AK, Shah NG, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D, et al. Time to initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS. 2001;15:1707–1715
  28. Chaix ML, Descamps D, Harzic M, Schneider V, Deveau C, Tamalet C, et al. Stable prevalence of genotypic drug resistance mutations but increase in non-B virus among patients with primary HIV-1 infection in France. AIDS. 2003;17:2635–2643
  29. Ammaranond P, Cunningham P, Oelrichs R, Suzuki K, Harris C, Leas L, et al. Rates of transmission of antiretroviral drug resistant strains of HIV-1. J Clin Virol. 2003;26:153–161
  30. Chang SY, Chen MY, Lee CN, Sun HY, Ko W, Chang SF, et al. Trends of antiretroviral drug resistance in treatment-naïve patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in Taiwan. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;6:689–693
  31. Brenner BG, Routy JP, Petrella M, Moisi D, Oliveira M, Detorio M, et al. Persistence and fitness of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquired in primary infection. J Virol. 2002;76:1753–1761
  32. Barbour JD, Hecht FM, Wrin T, Liegler TJ, Ramstead CA, Busch MP, et al. Persistence of primary drug resistance among recently HIV-1 infected adults. AIDS. 2004;18:1683–1689
  33. Pao D, Andrady U, Clarke J, Dean G, Drake S, Fisher M, et al. Long-term persistence of primary genotypic resistance after HIV-1 seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37:1570–1573
  34. Metzner KJ, Rauch P, Walter H, Boesecke C, Zollner B, Jessen H, et al. Detection of minor populations of drug-resistant HIV-1 in acute seroconverters. AIDS. 2005;19:1819–1825
  35. Perez-Elias MJ, Garcia-Arota I, Munoz V, Santos I, Sanz J, Abraira V, et al. Realvirfen study group Phenotype or virtual phenotype for choosing antiretroviral therapy after failure: a prospective, randomized study. Antivir Ther. 2003;8:577–584
  36. Saracino A, Monno L, Locaputo S, Torti C, Scudeller L, Ladisa N, et al. Selection of antiretroviral therapy guided by genotypic or phenotypic resistance testing: an open-label, randomized, multicenter study (PhenGen). Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37:1587–1598
  37. US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected adults and adolescents. Available at: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ (accessed November 2008).

 This study was presented in part at the 15th Annual Canadian Conference on HIV/AIDS Research, May 25–28, 2006, Quebec City, Canada (P248).

PII: S1201-9712(08)01557-9

doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.08.028

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 13, Issue 5 , Pages 577-583 , September 2009