International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 13, Issue 6 , Pages e431-e436 , November 2009

An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in western Anatolia, Turkey

  • Bülent Ertugrul

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Aydin 09100, Turkey
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +90 532 645 66 21.
    • ,
  • Yavuz Uyar

      Affiliations

    • Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
    • ,
  • Kamil Yavas

      Affiliations

    • Provincial Health Directorate, Aydin, Turkey
    • ,
  • Cetin Turan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Aydin 09100, Turkey
    • ,
  • Serkan Oncu

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Aydin 09100, Turkey
    • ,
  • Ozlem Saylak

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Aydin 09100, Turkey
    • ,
  • Ahmet Carhan

      Affiliations

    • Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
    • ,
  • Barcin Ozturk

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Aydin 09100, Turkey
    • ,
  • Nermin Erol

      Affiliations

    • Provincial Health Directorate, Aydin, Turkey
    • ,
  • Serhan Sakarya

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Aydin 09100, Turkey

Received 18 August 2008 ,Revised 5 February 2009 ,Accepted 20 February 2009.

References 

  1. Ergonul O. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:203–214
  2. Whitehouse CA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 2004;64:145–160
  3. Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Dokuzoguz B, Eren S, Baykam N, Esener H. Characteristics of patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in a recent outbreak in Turkey and impact of oral ribavirin therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:284–287
  4. Izadi S, Naieni KH, Madjdzadeh SR, Nadim A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran, a case–control study on epidemiological characteristics. Int J Infect Dis. 2004;8:299–306
  5. Khan AS, Maupin GO, Rollin PE, Noor AM, Shurie HH, Shalabi AG, et al. An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates, 1994–1995. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57:519–525
  6. Al-Tikriti SK, Al-Ani F, Jurji FJ, Tantawi H, Al-Moslih M, Al-Janabi N, et al. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq. Bull World Health Organ. 1981;59:85–90
  7. Mardani M, Jahromi MK, Naieni KH, Zeinali M. The efficacy of oral ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1613–1618
  8. Papa A, Bino S, Llagami A, Brahimaj B, Papadimitriou E, Pavlidou V, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Albania, 2001. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:603–606
  9. Papa A, Christova I, Papadimitriou E, Antoniadis A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1465–1467
  10. Papa A, Maltezou HC, Tsiodras S, Dalla VG, Papadimitriou T, Pierroutsakos I, et al. A case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece, June 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13:pii: 18952
  11. Yilmaz GR, Buzgan T, Torunoglu MA, Safran A, Irmak H, Com S, et al. A preliminary report on Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Turkey, March–June 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13:pii: 18953
  12. Editorial team . Increase in cases of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Turkey, 2006. Euro Surveill. 2006;11:pii: 3003
  13. Ergonul O, Zeller H, Kilic S, Kutlu S, Kutlu M, Cavusoglu S, et al. Zoonotic infections among veterinarians in Turkey: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and beyond. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10:465–469
  14. Ministry of Health of Turkey . Reports of the Communicable Diseases Department. Ankara, Turkey: Ministry of Health; 2006;
  15. European Network for Diagnostics of ‘Imported’ Viral Diseases (ENIVD). Case definition Crimean/Congo VHF. Available at: http://www.enivd.de/VHFDISEASES/fs_vhfdiseases.htm (version current at November 20, 2008).
  16. Yapar M, Aydogan H, Pahsa A, Besirbellioglu BA, Bodur H, Basustaoglu AC, et al. Rapid and quantitative detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005;58:358–362
  17. Logan TM, Linthicum KJ, Moulton JR, Ksiazek TG. Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the tick, Hyalomma truncatum. J Virol Methods. 1993;42:33–44
  18. Karti SS, Odabasi Z, Korten V, Yilmaz M, Sonmez M, Caylan R, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1379–1384
  19. Bakir M, Ugurlu M, Dokuzoguz B, Bodur H, Tasyaran MA, Vahaboglu H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54:385–389
  20. Ozkurt Z, Kiki I, Erol S, Erdem F, Yilmaz N, Parlak M, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Turkey: clinical features, risk factors and efficacy of ribavirin therapy. J Infect. 2006;52:207–215
  21. Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Baykam N, Eren S, Dokuzoguz B. Analysis of risk-factors among patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection: severity criteria revisited. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:551–554
  22. Tonbak S, Aktas M, Altay K, Azkur AK, Kalkan A, Bolat Y, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: genetic analysis and tick survey in Turkey. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:4120–4124
  23. Midilli K, Gargili A, Ergonul O, Sengoz G, Ozturk R, Bakar M, et al. Imported Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever cases in Istanbul. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:54
  24. Engin A, Yildirim A, Kunt T, Bakir M, Dokmetas I, Ozdemir L. Clinical investigation of the transient evoked otoacoustic emission test in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:162–165
  25. Ergonul O, Akgunduz S, Kocaman I, Vatansever Z, Korten V. Changes in temperature and the Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(Suppl 2):S360
  26. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Turkish State Meterological Service. Available at: http://www.meteor.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/turkiye_iklimi.pdf (version current at November 19, 2008).
  27. Estrada-Pena A, Vatansever Z, Gargili A, Aktas M, Uzun R, Ergonul O. Modeling the spatial distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007;7:667–678
  28. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever—information for travellers to northeastern Turkey. Available at: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu (version current at July 20, 2006).
  29. Jaureguiberry S, Tattevin P, Tarantola A, Legay F, Tall A, Nabeth P, et al. Imported Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4905–4907
  30. Leroy H, Arvieux C, Biziragusenyuka J, Chapplain JM, Guiguen C, Michelet C, et al. A retrospective study of 230 consecutive patients hospitalized for presumed travel-related illness (2000–2006). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27:1137–1140
  31. Swanepoel R, Gill DE, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Mynhardt JH, Harvey S. The clinical pathology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(Suppl 4):S794–800
  32. Peters CJ, Zaki SR. Role of the endothelium in viral hemorrhagic fevers. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(Suppl 5):S268–S273
  33. Cevik M. Kırım-Kongo Kanamali Atesi: Klinik Ozellikleri. J Klimik. 2004;17:59–61
  34. van Eeden PJ, Joubert JR, van de Wal BW, King JB, de Kock A, Groenewald JH. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part I. Clinical features. S Afr Med J. 1985;68:711–717
  35. Centers for Disease Control. Viral hemorrhagic fever: initial management of suspected and confirmed cases. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1983; 32(Suppl 2):27S–38S.
  36. Cevik MA, Erbay A, Bodur H, Gulderen E, Bastug A, Kubar A, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: predictors of fatality. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:374–379

PII: S1201-9712(09)00118-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.02.011

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 13, Issue 6 , Pages e431-e436 , November 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution