International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 14, Issue 8 , Pages e638-e648 , August 2010

Use of linezolid in pediatrics: a critical review

Received 12 April 2009 ,Revised 17 September 2009 ,Accepted 15 October 2009.

References 

  1. Diekema DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Lancet. 2001;358:1975–1982
  2. Kaplan SL, Deville JG, Yogev R, Morfin MR, Wu E, Adler S, et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin for treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:677–686
  3. Velissariou IM. Use of linezolid in children: an overview of recent advances. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4:947–952
  4. Kaplan SL, Patterson L, Edwards KM, Azimi PH, Bradley JS, Blumer JL, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:488–494
  5. Deville JG, Adler S, Azimi PH, Jantausch BA, Morfin MR, Beltran S, et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of known or suspected resistant Gram-positive infections in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:S158–S163
  6. Wible K, Tregnaghi M, Bruss J, Fleishaker D, Naberhuis-Stehouwer S, Hilty M. Linezolid versus cefadroxil in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:315–323
  7. Godon N, Denizot S, Podevin G, Caillon J, Potel G, Christophe Roze J, et al. Effectiveness of linezolid and imipenem association in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia in children: two case reports. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38:381–383
  8. Sullivan J, Tobias JD. Preliminary experience with the use of oral linezolid in infants for the completion of antibiotic therapy in the outpatient setting after admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. Am J Ther. 2006;13:473–477
  9. Chen CJ, Chiu CH, Lin TY, Lee ZL, Yang WE, Huang YC. Experience with linezolid therapy in children with osteoarticular infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:985–988
  10. Travaglianti M, Pèrez M, Sberna N, Rousseau M, Calle G, Gómez S. Treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus with linezolid in paediatric hospitals. Farm Hosp. 2007;31:43–47
  11. Moylett EH, Pacheco SE, Brown-Elliott BA, Perry TR, Buescher ES, Birmingham MC, et al. Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of Nocardia infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:313–318
  12. Hoehn R, Groll AH, Schaefer V, Bauer K, Schloesser RL. Linezolid treatment of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium in very low birth weight premature neonates. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;27:256–258
  13. Langgartner M, Mutenthaler A, Haiden N, Pollak A, Berger A. Linezolid for treatment of catheter-related cerebrospinal fluid infections in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008;93:397
  14. Hammerness P, Parada H, Abrams A, Linezolid: . MAOI activity and potential drug interactions. Psychosomatics. 2002;43:248–249
  15. Roberts SM, Freeman AF, Harrington SM, Holland SM, Murray PR, Zelazny AM. Linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in two pediatric patients receiving low-dose linezolid therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:562–564
  16. Graham PL, Abofo K, Saiman L. Linezolid treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ventriculitis. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2002;21:798–799
  17. Krueger WA, Kottler B, Will BE, Heininger A, Guggenberger H, Unertl KE. Treatment of meningitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis with linezolid. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:929–932
  18. Cook AM, Ramsey CN, Martin CA, Pittman T. Linezolid for the treatment of a heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus shunt infection. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2005;41:102–104
  19. Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Frank G, Chiodo F. Linezolid in the treatment of severe central nervous system infections resistant to recommended antimicrobial compounds. Infez Med. 2005;13:112–119
  20. Viganó SM, Edefonti A, Ferraresso M, Ranzi ML, Grossi P, Righini A, et al. Successful medical treatment of multiple brain abscesses due to Nocardia farcinica in a paediatric renal transplant recipient. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:1186–1188
  21. Anil M, Ozkalay N, Helvaci M, Agus N, Guler O, Dikerler A, et al. Meningitis due to Gemella haemolysans in a pediatric case. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:2337–2339
  22. Kumar S, Kohlhoff S, Valencia G, Hammerschlag MR, Sharma R. Treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ventriculitis in a neonate. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;29:740–741
  23. Milstone AM, Dick J, Carson B, Siberry GK. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration and bacteriostatic activity of linezolid against Enterococcus faecalis in a child with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2007;43:406–409
  24. Ang JY, Lua JL, Turner DR, Asmar BI. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis in a premature infant successfully treated with linezolid. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:1101–1103
  25. Matson KL, Miller SE. Tooth discoloration after treatment with linezolid. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:682–685
  26. Thomas CR, Rosenberg M, Blythe V, Meyer WJ. Serotonin syndrome and linezolid. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:790
  27. Castagnola E, Moroni C, Gandullia P, Oddone M, Peri C, Casciaro R, et al. Catheter lock and systemic infusion of linezolid for treatment of persistent Broviac catheter-related staphylococcal bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1120–1121
  28. Gales AC, Sader HS, Andrade SS, Lutz L, Machado A, Barth AL. Emergence of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during treatment of pulmonary infection in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;27:300–302
  29. Ng PC, Chow VC, Lee CH, Ling JM, Wong HL, Chan RC. Persistent Staphylococcus capitis septicemia in a preterm infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:652–654
  30. Park IN, Hong SB, Oh YM, Kim MN, Lim CM, Lee SD, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of daily-half dose linezolid in patients with intractable multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:701–704
  31. Thorell EA, Sharma M, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R, Woods GM. Disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in sickle cell anemia patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;28:678–681
  32. Javaheri M, Khurana RN, O’hearn TM, Lai MM, Sadun AA. Linezolid-induced optic neuropathy: a mitochondrial disorder?. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:111–115
  33. Morales P, Ros JA, Blanes M, Perez-Enguix D, Saiz V, Santos M. Successful recovery after disseminated infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus in a lung transplant patient: subcutaneous nodule as first manifestation—a case report. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:2413–2415
  34. Tan TQ. Update on the use of linezolid: a pediatric perspective. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:955–956
  35. Shaikh ZH, Peloquin CA, Ericsson CD. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis with linezolid: case report and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33:375–379
  36. Villani P, Regazzi MB, Marubbi F, Viale P, Pagani L, Cristini F, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in postneurosurgical central nervous system infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:936–937
  37. Mutnick AH, Biedenbach DJ, Turnidge JD, Jones RN. Spectrum and potency evaluation of a new oxazolidinone, linezolid: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1998–2000. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;43:65–73
  38. Rupprecht TA, Pfister HW. Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of central nervous system infections. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12:536–542
  39. Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with central nervous system infection. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:296–308
  40. Rana B, Butcher I, Grigoris P, Murnaghan C, Seaton RA, Tobin CM. Linezolid penetration into osteoarticular tissues. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50:747–750
  41. Lovering AM, Zhang J, Bannister GC, Lankester BJ, Brown JH, Narendra G, et al. Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat, muscle and haematoma of patients undergoing routine hip replacement. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50:73–77
  42. Rayner CR, Baddour LM, Birmingham MC, Norden C, Meagher AK, Schentag JJ. Linezolid in the treatment of osteomyelitis: results of compassionate use experience. Infection. 2004;32:8–14
  43. Birmingham MC, Rayner CR, Meagher AK, Flavin SM, Batts DH, Schentag JJ. Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant. Gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use program. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:159–168
  44. Munoz P, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Moreno M, Marin M, Ramallo V, Bouza E, et al. Linezolid therapy for infective endocarditis. Clin Microb Infect. 2007;13:211–215
  45. Brown-Elliot BA, Ward SC, Crist CJ, Mann LB, Wilson RW, Wallace RJ. In vitro activities of linezolid against multiple Nocardia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:1295–1297
  46. Chaudhry R, Mathur P, Dhawan B, Gaur S, Dey AB. Infections caused by Gemella spp: case reports from India. J Infect. 2001;43:152–155
  47. Cerdá Zolezzi P, Rubio Calvo MC, Millán L, Goñi P, Canales M, Capilla S, et al. Macrolide resistance phenotypes of commensal viridans group streptococci and Gemella spp and PCR detection of resistance genes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;23:582–589
  48. La Scola B, Raoult D. Molecular identification of Gemella species from three patients with endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:866–871
  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs—worldwide, 2000-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55:301–5.
  50. Alcala L, Ruiz-Serrano MJ, Perez-Fernandez Turegano C, Garcia de Viedma D, Diaz-Infantes M, Marin-Arriaza M, et al. In vitro activities of linezolid against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are susceptible or resistant to first-line antituberculous drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:416–417
  51. Rodriguez JC, Cebrian L, Lopez M, Ruiz M, Jimenez I, Royo G. Mutant prevention concentration: comparison of fluoroquinolones and linezolid with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:441–444
  52. Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with mycobacterial infections—a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:606–611
  53. Wallace RJ, Swenson JM, Silcox VA, Good RC, Tschen JA, Stone MS. Spectrum of disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Rev Infect Dis. 1983;5:657–679
  54. Anderegg TR, Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Ross JE, Jones RN. Trends in linezolid susceptibility patterns: report from the 2002-2003 worldwide Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS) program. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:13–21
  55. Mutnick AH, Enne V, Jones RN. Linezolid resistance since 2001: SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:769–774
  56. Saiman L, Goldfarb J, Kaplan SA, Wible K, Edge-Padbury B, Naberhuis-Stehouwer S, et al. Safety and tolerability of linezolid in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:S193–S200
  57. Meissner HC, Townsend T, Wenman W, Kaplan SL, Morfin MR, Edge-Padbury B, et al. Hematologic effects of linezolid in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:S186–S192

☆ This study was presented in part at the 25th International Congress of Pediatrics, Athens, Greece, August 2007 (abstract 104).

PII: S1201-9712(10)00005-6

doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.10.002

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 14, Issue 8 , Pages e638-e648 , August 2010

Article Tools