International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 14, Issue 8 , Pages e708-e712 , August 2010

Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infection in children aged five years and under in Saudi Arabia: a five-year retrospective surveillance study

  • Ziad A. Memish

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, PO Box 22490 Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
    • College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States and WHO Collaborating Center for Infection Prevention & Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +966 1 2520088x43720; fax: +966 1 2520437.
  • ,
  • Aiman El-Saed

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, PO Box 22490 Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
    • College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    • Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States and WHO Collaborating Center for Infection Prevention & Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • ,
  • Badriah Al-Otaibi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, PO Box 22490 Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
    • Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States and WHO Collaborating Center for Infection Prevention & Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • ,
  • Mohamed Al Shaalan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • ,
  • Suleiman Al Alola

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • ,
  • Abdulhakeem O. Thaqafi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Received 24 May 2009 ,Revised 16 November 2009 ,Accepted 1 February 2010.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 1997; 46(RR-8):1-24. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/RR/RR4608.pdf (accessed April 19, 2009).
  2. Lynch JP, Zhanel GG. Streptococcus pneumoniae: does antimicrobial resistance matter?. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;30:210–238
  3. Hsu K, Pelton S, Karumuri S, Heisey-Grove D, Klein J. Population-based surveillance for childhood invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:17–23
  4. World Health Organization. Immunization, vaccines and biologicals. Pneumococcal vaccines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2003. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccine/en/pneumococcus.shtml (accessed April 19, 2009).
  5. Frayha HH, Al Mazrou YY. Vaccination against invasive pneumococcal disease in Saudi Arabia: where do we stand?. Ann Saudi Med. 2005;25:90–93
  6. World Health Organization . Worldwide progress in introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2000–2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2008;83:385–392
  7. World Health Organization . Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization—WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007;82:93–104
  8. World Health Organization Initiative for Vaccine Research. Acute respiratory infections. Geneva: WHO; February 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/ari/en/print.html (accessed April 19, 2009).
  9. McIntosh ED, Fritzell B, Fletcher MA. Burden of paediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Europe, 2005. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:644–656
  10. Shibl A, Memish Z, Pelton S. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33:410.e1–9
  11. Al-Tawfiq JA. Pattern of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Chemother. 2004;16:259–263
  12. Memish ZA, Balkhy HH, Shibl AM, Barrozo CP, Gray GC. Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia: antibiotic resistance and serotypes of recent clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;23:32–38
  13. Shibl AM. Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease isolates among children aged 5 years and under in Saudi Arabia (2000–2004). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14:876–879
  14. Scott JA. The preventable burden of pneumococcal disease in the developing world. Vaccine. 2007;25:2398–2405
  15. Dowell SF, Whitney CG, Wright C, Rose CE, Schuchat A. Seasonal patterns of invasive pneumococcal disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:573–579
  16. Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Al-Haggar SH, Musa EK, Mohamed OM, Abdalla MN. Haemophilus type B meningitis in Saudi children under 5 years old. J Trop Pediatr. 2004;50:131–136
  17. Pebody RG, Hellenbrand W, D’Ancona F, Ruutu P. Pneumococcal disease surveillance in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2006;11:171–178
  18. Venetz I, Schopfer K, Muhlemann K. Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985–1994. Swiss Pneumococcal Study Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:1101–1104
  19. Ruggeberg JU, Ketteler K, MacKenzie CR, Von Kries R, Reinert RR, Schroten H. Blood culture sampling rates at a German pediatric university hospital and incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. Infection. 2004;32:78–81
  20. Jefferson T, Ferroni E, Curtale F, Giorgi Rossi P, Borgia P. Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western Europe: serotype distribution and incidence in children less than 2 years old. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:405–410
  21. Iglesias Sanchez L, Perez-Yarza EG, Garcia-Arenzana JM, Valiente Mendez A, Perez-Trallero E. [Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in Gipuzkoa (Spain) from 1981 to 2001]. An Esp Pediatr. 2002;57:401–407
  22. Weightman NC, Sajith J. Incidence and outcome of pneumococcal meningitis in northern England. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24:542–544
  23. Roche PW, Krause V, Cook H, Barralet J, Coleman D, Sweeny A, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2006. Commun Dis Intell. 2008;32:18–30
  24. Robinson KA, Baughman W, Rothrock G, Barrett NL, Pass M, Lexau C, et al. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the United States, 1995–1998: opportunities for prevention in the conjugate vaccine era. JAMA. 2001;285:1729–1735
  25. Liddle JL, McIntyre PB, Davis CW. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Sydney children, 1991–96. J Paediatr Child Health. 1999;35:67–70
  26. Roche P, Krause V, Bartlett M, Coleman D, Cook H, Counahan M, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2003. Commun Dis Intell. 2004;28:441–454
  27. McGregor D, Barton M, Thomas S, Christie CD. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Jamaican children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2004;24:33–40
  28. Roca A, Sigauque B, Quinto L, Mandomando I, Valles X, Espasa M, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children <5 years of age in rural Mozambique. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1422–1431
  29. Almuneef M, Memish Z, Khan Y, Kagallwala A, Alshaalan M. Childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia. J Infect. 1998;36:157–160
  30. Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Avila-Aguero ML, Herrera ML, Herrera JF, Arguedas A. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Costa Rican children: a seven year survey. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:1069–1074
  31. Rendi-Wagner P, Georgopoulos A, Kundi M, Mutz I, Mattauch M, Nowak J, et al. Prospective surveillance of incidence, serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae among hospitalized children in Austria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:826–831
  32. Tsigrelis C, Tleyjeh IM, Lahr BD, Nyre LM, Virk A, Baddour LM. Decreases in case-fatality and mortality rates for invasive pneumococcal disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota, during 1995–2007: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1367–1371
  33. Twum-Danso K, Al-Mazrou AM, Kambal AM, Al-Zamil FA. Penicillin resistance in serogroups/serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive infections in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2003;24:1210–1213
  34. Kambal AM, Abdullah AM. Childhood pneumococcal bacteraemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1997;17:245–251

PII: S1201-9712(10)02346-5

doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2242

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Volume 14, Issue 8 , Pages e708-e712 , August 2010