Coronavirus (COVID-19) Collection
Personal Protective Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany
The first case of COVID-19 in Germany was reported on January 27, 2020 (Bavarian State Ministry of Health and Care, 2020). The virus SARS-CoV-2 spreads fast, and within the first two months, more than 42,000 cases had been notified (Robert Koch Institute, 2021). Containment of the virus was not only complicated by the fact that it was found to be contagious even before the onset of symptoms but also because some individuals can live through an infection without showing any symptoms and still infect others (Almadhi et al., 2021; Buitrago-Garcia et al., 2020).Successful Treatment of a Patient With Severe COVID-19 Using an Integrated Approach Addressing Mast Cells and Their Mediators
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells, leading to a complex immune response that involves the release of mediators, most of which are released from mast cells, leading to lung edema, fibrosis, inflammation, and microthromboses—hallmarks of COVID-19. Here, we report on a patient who was initially hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia as well as physical and mental fatigue. Despite having been treated with albuterol, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, convalescent plasma, and dexamethasone, her condition continued to worsen to the extent that she was considered for double lung transplant.The impact of COVID-19 on health care–associated infections in intensive care units in low- and middle-income countries: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings
Before the appearance and worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, a pervasive decrease in health care–associated infection (HAI) incidence had been observed across hospitals in the United States (Weiner-Lastinger et al., 2021b). Throughout 2020, as COVID-19 swept across the United States in multiple waves of infections, regions experienced steep surges in cases and hospitalizations (Ripa et al., 2021). Some studies specifically noted the occurrence of secondary infections in patients with COVID-19 (Ripa et al., 2021).Country differences in transmissibility, age distribution and case-fatality of SARS-CoV-2: a global ecological analysis
Objectives The first COVID-19 pandemic waves in many low-income countries appeared milder than initially forecasted. We conducted a country-level ecological study to describe patterns in key SARS-CoV-2 outcomes by country and region and explore associations with potential explanatory factors, including population age structure and prior exposure to endemic parasitic infections. Methods We collected publicly available data and compared them using standardisation techniques. We then explored the association between exposures and outcomes using random forest and linear regression.Endotheliopathy marked by high von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen in COVID-19 is associated with poor outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently one of the most common diseases in the world, and has a considerable death toll (WHO, 2021). Although most patients have mild–moderate clinical manifestations, a significant proportion of patients develop life-threatening complications (Lim et al., 2020; Pranata et al., 2020a, 2021c). Complications caused by coagulopathy are among the most important. Activation of the coagulation pathway and endothelial cells (ECs) is a hallmark of severe COVID-19, which is consistent with high rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (Mancini et al., 2021a; Ward et al., 2021).Evaluation of the AMP SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in a hospital setting
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a broad clinical spectrum known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China (Zhu et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). Within a short time, a worldwide spread led to the current pandemic that will presumably remain the leading infectious disease topic in 2021 (WHO, 2020a).Usefulness of the COVID-GRAM and CURB-65 scores for predicting severity in patients with COVID-19
In December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the city of Wuhan, China (Sohrabi et al., 2020). Spreading around the world in the early part of 2020, this disease outbreak is now considered a pandemic, with more than 45 million cases worldwide and more than 1 100 000 deaths by the end of October 2020, according to the World Health Organization (who.int/emergencies, 2020).Candesartan as a tentative treatment for COVID-19: A prospective non-randomized open-label study
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency (World Health Organization, 2021). Hundreds of millions of people have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the time of writing. Although most patients with COVID-19 are asymptomatic or experience only mild influenza-like illness (Day, 2020), a significant proportion may develop severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure (MOF) and death (Lim et al., 2020).Active prescription of low-dose aspirin during or prior to hospitalization and mortality in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of adjusted effect estimates
Repurposing of available drugs for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has gained interest due to the scarcity of drugs proven to be useful in these patients. Dexamethasone, statins, metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and renin–angiotensin system inhibitors have shown clinical benefits for severe and critically ill patients, especially those who are mechanically ventilated (Castiglione et al., 2020; Lim and Pranata, 2020a; Lukito et al., 2020; Pranata et al., 2020c; Rakhmat et al., 2021).The initial impact of a national BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine rollout
A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, was shown to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 by around 95% in a randomized clinical trial and in a mass national vaccination program (Dagan et al., 2021; Polack et al., 2020). On 23 December 2020, Qatar started a national BNT162b2 rollout programme, in addition to existing COVID-19 public health control measures. The rollout initially prioritised healthcare workers, individuals aged ≥50 years, and those with chronic or immunosuppressive medical conditions.Third wave of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain
Madrid has been the epicenter of COVID-19 in Spain, primarily due to its high population density and mobility. The city has 3.3 million people, with 6.8 million across the metropolitan area. Up to March 15 2021, roughly 605 000 persons had been diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 14 000 had died in the Madrid region (Ministerio de Sanidad, 2021; Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2021). These figures refer to laboratory-confirmed cases, which underestimate the true number as testing access was limited during the earlier stages of the pandemic (Soriano and Barreiro, 2020).Impact of COVID-19 on vasooclusive crisis in patients with sickle cell anaemia
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Gorbalenya et al., 2020), has spread to 191 countries and all continents ( https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html ), and the pandemic shows no signs of coming under control, despite global efforts. The pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented number of deaths globally, with widespread lockdowns and disruption to world economies and businesses (Fauci et al., 2020). The clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 vary from mild in approximately 80% of cases, severe in 15% and critical in 5%.Efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon alfa-2b in moderate COVID-19: A phase II, randomized, controlled, open-label study
A novel coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 (COVID-19) in a cluster of patients in Wuhan, China, which has been designated a worldwide pandemic (Cucinotta and Vanelli, 2020; Spinelli and Pellino, 2020). As of 31 January 2021, there have been 102,139,771 confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide, including 2,211,762 reported deaths (WHO, 2021).Comparative assessment of mortality risk factors between admission and follow-up models among patients hospitalized with COVID-19
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 100 million and killed nearly 2.5 million people worldwide over the past few months (JHU, 2020). Although most patients are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, 10% of them require hospitalization and 5% advanced medical support (Wu and McGoogan, 2020). Early identification of severe cases that will demand longer hospitalizations and increased costs can help guide medical decisions and manage hospital resources, especially in economically deprived areas.Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain
The emergence and rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), from Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 represented an unprecedented phenomenon in medicine. COVID-19 continues to challenge health services and disrupt social and economic activities globally. In Spain, the first wave commenced in mid-March 2020 and lasted for 3 months. It finally abated due to strict lockdown and home confinement. Following relaxation of measures during the summer, a second wave commenced in mid-September 2020 and extended until Christmas 2020.Infection sustained by lineage B.1.1.7 of SARS-CoV-2 is characterised by longer persistence and higher viral RNA loads in nasopharyngeal swabs
Starting from March 2020, nasopharyngeal swabs collected in three provinces (Chieti, L’Aquila and Teramo) of Abruzzo, a central Region of Italy, were tested daily for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale” (IZSAM) (Danzetta et al., 2020).Risk and predictive factors of prolonged viral RNA shedding in upper respiratory specimens in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to an Italian reference hospital
The emergence and rapid spread of the COVID-19 outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health emergency and one of our century's greatest challenges. As of February 24, 2021, approximately 111 million confirmed cases and more than 2.4 million deaths had been reported worldwide (Anon, 2020).Prioritizing second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines through low-dosage challenge studies
In controlled human infection studies (‘challenge studies’), research participants, randomized into an intervention and a control group, are deliberately infected so that researchers can test interventions or investigate other scientific hypotheses. The UK government has announced its support for challenge studies for SARS-CoV-2, which began in early 2021 (Callaway, 2020). First-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have high efficacy in protecting against disease (Grady, 2020), but the longterm safety and effectiveness of these vaccines are currently uncertain (Grady, 2020).Temporal profile of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in posterior nasopharyngeal samples: Analysis of 944 patients in Apulia, Italy
From early 2020 a new Coronavirus disease named COVID-19 has spread worldwide with Italy being one of the most affected countries, albeit with substantial regional differences (IstitutoSuperiorediSanità; WHO). In the Apulia region (southern Italy) approximately 7900 cases of COVID-19 infection have been reported so far, with a peak at the end of April and a substantial decrease from May-June. The rate of hospitalization and number of severe cases also fell during this time (IstitutoSuperiorediSanità).No clinical benefit in mortality associated with hydroxychloroquine treatment in patients with COVID-19
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. As of June 22, 2020, a total of 2,275,645 COVID-19 cases and 119,923 related deaths had been reported in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Reports from around the world indicate that this disease will continue to spread with the potential to cause severe illness in 10%–20% of those infected and to lead to hospitalization, ICU admission, ventilator support, and death.Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 associated with an outbreak in an apartment in Seoul, South Korea, 2020
The possibility of aerosol transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains controversial. An aerosol is defined as a suspension of particles of <5 μm in the air (or in a gas), which is small enough to reach the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (Wilson et al., 2020). The WHO merely acknowledged that aerosol transmission might be another transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 without further response, and international and governmental guidelines retain the rule of 2 m of social distance based on droplet transmission (Morawska and Milton, 2020; Wilson et al., 2020).A high-throughput drug screening strategy against coronaviruses
The emergence and re-emergence of coronavirus (CoV) infections have continually caused serious public health concerns over past decades. Severe acute CoV infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2, have become a growing and long-lasting global threat (Gao, 2018). The first case of SARS-CoV-2 was deemed to occur in December 2019 and identified as a new type of coronavirus in early January 2020 (Burki, 2020; Chen et al., 2020a; Gralinski and Menachery, 2020; Wu et al., 2020b; Zhou et al., 2020b).Severe COVID-19 Infection and Pediatric Comorbidities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
What is known What is newSpread of COVID-19 and policy responses in Vietnam: An overview
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread rapidly across the globe since December 2019. As of 26 October 2020, more than 43.5 million COVID-19 confirmed cases have been reported, with almost 1.2 million associated deaths (Johns Hopkins University, 2020). Furthermore, the number of confirmed cases is still increasing rapidly in many countries (World Health Organisation, 2020).Efficacy and safety of favipiravir, an oral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, in mild-to-moderate COVID-19: A randomized, comparative, open-label, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial
A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late December 2019, which resulted in the ongoing worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (World Health Organization, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020 Zhou et al., 2020). As of September 25, 2020, the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 global dashboard reports 32,390,204 confirmed cases and 985,302 deaths worldwide attributed to SARS-CoV-2 (The Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins, 2020).Pandemic risk of COVID-19 outbreak in the United States: An analysis of network connectedness with air travel data
The United States has become the country with the largest number of COVID-19 reported cases and deaths. This study aims to analyze the pandemic risk of COVID-19 outbreak in the US.Adjusting RT-qPCR conditions to avoid unspecific amplification in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The virus spread rapidly to several countries, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare the disease a pandemic. Health authorities then had to quickly develop and implement diagnostic tools to fill the growing demand for tests. The reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is widely deployed in virology laboratory diagnostics. Among the currently available SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR protocols, the Charité protocol (Corman et al., 2020) was the World’s first publicly available test (Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2020).Could SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury be attenuated by vitamin D?
A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) had caused 4,761,559 confirmed cases and 317,529 confirmed deaths worldwide, as of May 20, 2020 ( https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 ). Many of the symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 are similar to those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), especially acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Li et al., 2020a). Previous studies have reported that ARDS is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in intensive care units (ICUs) (Liu and Tan, 2020; Liu et al., 2020a, b).Characteristics of COVID-19 epidemic and control measures to curb transmission in Malaysia
The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was confirmed in Malaysia on January 25, 2020, marking the first wave of infection in the country that lasted for about 3 weeks (Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), 2020). The total number of cases was low, with 22 confirmed infections, 20 of which were imported, and no fatality.Spatial variability in reproduction number and doubling time across two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, February to July, 2020
Since the first COVID-19 cases were reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019, more than 24.7 million cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), including more than 830 000 related deaths, had been reported worldwide (WHO) as of August 30, 2020. In South Korea, the novel coronavirus was first diagnosed in a 36-year-old Chinese woman who entered the country on January 20, 2020. South Korea has since experienced two heterogeneous waves of the disease, with a total of 13 745 cases, including 295 deaths, as of July 19, 2020 (KCDC, 2020a).Contact tracing with digital assistance in Taiwan’s COVID-19 outbreak response
As of September 21, 2020, over 30.6 million coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 950,000 deaths have been reported globally (World Health Organization, 2020a) Case detection and contact tracing were essential components to control the spread of COVID-19. Taiwan government has enhanced notifiable disease reporting and laboratory surveillance since January 2020 by testing the respiratory specimens from various sources for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including patients who were reported as cases of severe or novel influenza infection, clusters of upper respiratory disease/fever of unknown origin, and patients with respiratory infections via the sentinel surveillance.COX2 inhibition in the treatment of COVID-19: Review of literature to propose repositioning of celecoxib for randomized controlled studies
Coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly became a pandemic and at the time this review was written there were increasing numbers of deaths and new cases. Lack of time to recruit evidence-based treatments led physicians worldwide to implement empiric drug combinations. In several weeks, a number of agents proposed with variable or arguable efficacy became empirical treatments and clinical studies are ongoing in attempts to find the best alternatives until a definitive treatment is found (i.e. vaccine- and/or drug-based).Timing of national lockdown and mortality in COVID-19: The Italian experience
On February 20, 2020, a 30-year-old patient admitted to the intensive care unit in Codogno Hospital (Lombardy, Italy) tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel beta-coronavirus that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During the next 24 h, the number of reported positive cases increased to 36 (Sebastiani et al., 2020; Grasselli et al., 2020).A case report of newborn infant with severe COVID-19 in Mexico: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breast milk and stool
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global public health threat (Wang et al., 2020). The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurs from human-to-human through respiratory droplets (Li et al., 2020); however, other routes of transmission have not been fully characterized.CORTICOSTEROIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE COVID-19 LUNG DISEASE: THE PULMONOLOGY PERSPECTIVE FROM THE FIRST UNITED STATES EPICENTER
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic first swept across the globe in the first quarter of 2020, the management of the associated clinical entity termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became the subject of institutional recommendations (Massachusetts General Hospital, 2020), societal guidelines (Bhimraj et al., 2020), and position statements (Russell et al, 2020). Because acute respiratory failure (ARF) in COVID-19 is triggered by a viral pathogen, it is understandable that the discussion of this potentially devastating illness has centered on its infectious disease and epidemiologic implications.Vitamin D3 and K2 and their potential contribution to reducing the COVID-19 mortality rate
The COVID-19 pandemic is a current pandemic of high international interest, caused by the coronavirus strain SARS‑CoV‑2. Up to date, there is no treatment to decrease the virus-caused infection and mortality rates (Cortegiani et al., 2020). More and more voices are being raised supporting the supplementation of Vitamin D3 to counter the pandemic outbreak with the correlated mortality rates as well as economic and social consequences (Grant et al., 2020). In a recently published review article, Sharma et al.Encephalopathy in severe SARS-CoV2 infection: Inflammatory or infectious?
The appearance of SARS-CoV2 was described in December 2019 in China, but it was not until March 2020 when the pandemic reached Spain. Although this virus mainly presents a respiratory involvement, we have observed the appearance of neurological symptoms (headache, myalgia, hyposmia/anosmia, dysgeusia, insomnia) and diseases (stroke, encephalitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome) (Mao et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Helms et al., 2020; De Melo Espíndola et al., 2020).Estimation of the probable outbreak size of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in social gathering events and industrial activities
The outbreak of COVID-19 has currently spread to more than 217 territories (Hui et al., 2020) since December 2019 (Chang et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Roda et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020). According to the latest statistics, up to May 1, 2020, there have been more than 3,389,933 confirmed cases found in more than 187 countries covering six continents (Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, 2020). COVID-19 was officially declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) a pandemic on March 29, 2020 (WHO, 2020).Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with COVID-19
As of May 27, 2020, there were over 1,678,843 confirmed cases of COVID-19 claiming more than 100,000 lives in the Unites States (CDC, 2020). Currently there is no known effective therapy or vaccine. The urgent need for therapeutic agents has resulted in repurposing and redeployment of experimental agents (McCreary and Pogue, 2020; Sanders et al., 2020).Nocturnal oxygen therapy as an option for early COVID-19
The coronavirus (COVID-19) has rapidly spread and swept across most countries worldwide since the first case was detected. There is currently no effective antiviral therapy or immune-based treatment for COVID-19, especially for asymptomatic or mild patients who are recommended to self-care under home quarantine. However, severe cases rapidly increase in their progression from mild cases one week after onset and can develop into respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on the basis of pneumonia (Wang et al., 2020a).COVID-19 preventive measures showing an unintended decline in infectious diseases in Taiwan
The public health response to the threat of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have diminished the effect of the 2020 influenza season in Japan and Singapore (Sakamoto et al., 2020; Soo et al., 2020). The Taiwan government and society also responded swiftly to the outbreak of COVID-19 (Guan et al., 2020), implementing systemic precautions and disseminating knowledge on prevention to the public (Wang et al., 2020). The Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) in Taiwan managed the outbreak of COVID-19 effectively.COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia: Actions taken by the Malaysian government
The world is currently experiencing a deadly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO), Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, in his opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 on April 10, 2020, announced that the COVID-19 outbreak had affected 213 countries, with 1,524,162 confirmed positive cases and 92,941 deaths. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that infects the respiratory tract.Evaluation of a novel antigen-based rapid detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples
Since the first reported cases in December 2019, the rapidly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been causing tremendous public health challenges worldwide (WHO, 2020a). Timely detection and isolation of cases and their contacts are considered crucial to help curtail this unprecedented pandemic (Nguyen et al., 2020). This strategy relies on robust, rapid, and easy-to-perform diagnostic tools that can be used to test large numbers of samples in a short period of time.Could the D614G substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein be associated with higher COVID-19 mortality?
The increasing number of deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious global concerns. Increased testing capacity and ample intensive care availability could explain lower mortality in some countries compared to others. Nevertheless, it is also plausible that the SARS-CoV-2 mutations giving rise to different phylogenetic clades are responsible for the apparent death rate disparities around the world. Current research literature linking the genetic make-up of SARS-CoV-2 with fatalities is lacking.Ascertainment rate of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Japan
As of March 1, 2020, a total of 58 countries had reported at least one confirmed case of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and the cumulative number of deaths had reached 2977 persons across the world (WHO, 2020). To achieve appropriate countermeasures, it is vital to understand the current epidemiological situations of the COVID-19 epidemic.Visualizing COVID-19 pandemic risk through network connectedness
With the domestic and international spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), much attention has been given to estimating pandemic risk (Wu et al., 2020; Verity et al., 2020). We propose the novel application of a well-established scientific approach – network analysis (Loscalzo, 2017; Newman, 2018; Kim et al., 2015; Bennett et al., 2006; Newman, 2004; Horvath and Dong, 2008; Danon et al., 2011; Billio et al., 2012) – to provide a direct visualization of the COVID-19 pandemic risk. By showing visually the degree of connectedness between different regions based on data that are readily available (such as reported confirmed cases of COVID-19), network analysis offers a relatively simple yet powerful way to estimate the pandemic risk.From SARS to COVID-19: What we have learned about children infected with COVID-19
A cluster of patients presented with pneumonia caused by an unknown pathogen that was linked to the seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Subsequently, a new coronavirus was identified by sequencing the whole genome of patient samples (Zhu et al., 2020a). It was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Coronavirus Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (Gorbalenya et al., 2020), and the disease caused by the virus was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO).COVID-19 and Nigeria: putting the realities in context
The year 2020 was welcomed by a deadly viral outbreak called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), previously known as 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan, the capital and major business city of Hubei province, China (Wuhan city, 2020). In a very short time, the disease spread across China and cases were reported with an exponential increase in morbidity and mortality rates. The disease has evolved and continues to be a very serious emergency across the globe. On March 11 2020 the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic, having met the epidemiological criteria of having infected > 100,000 people in at least 100 countries (Callaway, 2020).Potential fecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Current evidence and implications for public health
The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Hubei Province, China in December 2019 and spread rapidly to over 165 countries in approximately 3 months (Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering, 2020; Shanmugaraj et al., 2020). The primary routes of transmission of the causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are through respiratory droplets and close person-to-person contact, but knowledge about other potential modes of transmission, e.g., fomite-based, vertical, and fecal–oral transmission, remains relatively sparse (Cai et al., 2020a; Chen et al., 2020a; Ghinai et al., 2020; Gu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; van Doremalen et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020b; Xiao et al., 2020; Yeo et al., 2020).Addressing the corona virus pandemic: will a novel filtered eye mask help?
The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) originated in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China with clinical manifestations similar to those of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 (Huang et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Phan et al., 2020). In a matter of months, the COVID-19 outbreak has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic. At the time of writing this, COVID-19 has infected over 2,000,000 people and has claimed the lives of over 125,000, with the numbers growing daily (Worldometer, 2020).
