Coronavirus (COVID-19) Collection
Effectiveness of the neutralizing antibody sotrovimab among high-risk patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 in Qatar
Several monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed for the treatment of COVID-19 (Miguez-Rey et al., 2022). One of these is sotrovimab, which significantly reduced the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and death due to infection with pre-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in a randomized clinical trial (Gupta et al., 2021). The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency authorization to permit the use of sotrovimab for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in patients at high risk of progression to severe COVID-19 (US Food and Drug Administration, 2022).Admissions to a large tertiary care hospital and Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction positivity: primary, contributing, or incidental COVID-19
Monitoring national hospitalization rates for COVID-19 has been essential throughout the pandemic to guide public health decision-making and to evaluate vaccine efficacy. However, with the rapid worldwide spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (associated with a decreased severity) and increasing immunity against SARS-CoV-2, interpreting the true impact of these hospitalization rates has been complicated (Viana et al., 2022; World Health Organization, 2021).Monitoring the COVID-19 immune landscape in Japan
Since the COVID-19 epidemic spread on a global scale in 2020, it considerably altered daily life. With the hope of mitigating the COVID-19 risk, vaccination campaigns began in December 2020 in many countries, often using a prioritization vaccination strategy (Haas et al., 2021; Hall et al., 2021; Jentsch et al., 2021; Mathieu et al., 2021; Sasanami et al., 2022; Thompson et al., 2021). Mass vaccination campaigns occurred primarily when the original (wild-type) strain, the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7), the Beta variant (B.1.351), or other variants were dominant in circulation and against which the available vaccines provided substantial protection (Chemaitelly et al., 2021; Chung et al., 2021; Dagan et al., 2021; Haas et al., 2021; Hall et al., 2021; Pritchard et al., 2021).Stringency of containment and closures on the growth of SARS-CoV-2 in Canada prior to accelerated vaccine roll-out
Throughout 2020, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were the primary tools employed by governments and public health agencies to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (Ferguson et al. 2020, Koo et al., 2020). In Canada, as in many other countries, common NPIs included border closures, bans on non-essential travel, and mandatory physical distancing measures (McCoy et al, 2020). However, in contrast to many countries—particularly those in Europe—the authority and responsibility to implement these policies fall on provincial and territorial governments, meaning there is no formally coordinated response between them (Cameron-Blake et al., 2021).Risk factors, immune response and whole‐genome sequencing of SARS‐CoV‐2 in a cruise ship outbreak in Norway
To improve understanding of SARS-CoV-2-transmission and prevention measures on cruise ships, we investigated a Norwegian cruise ship outbreak from July to August 2020 using a multidisciplinary approach after a rapid outbreak response launched by local and national health authorities.Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Reproductive-Aged Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women in Osaka, Japan
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, China (Li et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020), and rapidly spread worldwide, imposing a major burden on healthcare systems globally. Pregnant women are considered to be at a higher risk of severe morbidity and mortality from other respiratory infections, such as influenza or SARS (Allotey et al., 2020, Blitz et al., 2020, Vintzileos et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2020), than nonpregnant women.Hypothyroidism does not lead to worse prognosis in COVID-19: findings from the Brazilian COVID-19 registry
A global health crisis was established with the emergence of COVID-19 (Gelfand et al., 2021). It is well known that individuals with some underlying medical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, are more likely to develop severe COVID-19, require hospitalization and intensive care, and have higher mortality rates (Marcolino et al., 2021; Sanyaolu et al., 2020; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People with Certain Medical Conditions. September 4th, 2021).SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among 7950 healthcare workers in the Region of Southern Denmark
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surged as an ongoing worldwide pandemic throughout 2020 (Park et al., 2020; Siordia, 2020). The first Danish cases were reported in late February 2020, and the initial spread of infection most likely originated from ski tourists returning from Northern Italy and Austria (Madsen et al., 2021). The first epidemic wave in Denmark peaked in late March and early April, with 9.2 patients admitted to hospital per 100 000 population (Madsen et al., 2021; Statens Serum Institut 2021).Real-Time SARS-CoV-2 Genotyping by High-Throughput Multiplex PCR Reveals the Epidemiology of the Variants of Concern in Qatar
Complementing whole genome sequencing strategies with high-throughput multiplex RT-qPCR genotyping allows for more comprehensive and real-time tracking of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. During the second and third waves of COVID-19 in Qatar, PCR genotyping, combined with Sanger sequencing of un-typeable samples, was employed to describe the epidemiology of the Alpha, Beta and Delta variants. A total of 9792 nasopharyngeal PCR-positive samples collected between April-June 2021 were successfully genotyped, revealing the importation and transmission dynamics of these three variants in Qatar.The toll of COVID-19 on African children: A descriptive analysis on COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality among the pediatric population in Sub-Saharan Africa
Since its emergence in December 2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people around the world and caused over 3.9 million officially registered deaths (WHO, 2021). From the onset of this pandemic, the pathogenic aspects in the pediatric population have remained less clear, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where specialists' initial projections estimated a high number of cases and deaths (Cabore et al., 2020).SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated factors in Manaus, Brazil: baseline results from the DETECTCoV-19 cohort study
Infectious diseases have a profound impact on humans, particularly vulnerable populations (Fauci and Morens, 2012). The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and a lack of effective treatment and non-pharmaceutical interventions to curb transmission have led to an exponential increase in the burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide (Hsiang et al., 2020; Kraemer et al., 2020; Bo et al., 2021).High seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 infection in South America, but still not enough for herd immunity!
There has been intense discussion about the importance of reaching herd immunity to achieve global population protection status against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. For that reason, vaccination coverage and seroprevalence studies are increasing around the world; some of them have shown an increase in the seroprevalence of different populations. For example, a recent study in Jordan (Sughayer et al., 2021) stated the importance of seroprevalence studies for SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthy blood donors.Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with COVID-19 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains an ongoing challenge to countries worldwide. The disease emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 (World Health Organization, 2000). The COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia occurred in three waves. The first wave started with three cases imported from China via Singapore on 25 January 2020 (Rahman, 2020).Hydroxychloroquine as a primary prophylactic agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection: A cohort study
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been shown to be in-vitro inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in infected Vero cells (Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Yao et al., 2020). This contributed to the hypothesis that such drugs could be used as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection and for treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine is used for long-term treatment of several rheumatic diseases; it has a favourable safety profile (Ruiz-Irastorza et al., 2010; Ponticelli and Moroni, 2017) and a low cost (Ponticelli and Moroni, 2017), which is a key point when facing a pandemic.COVID-19 within a large UK prison with a high number of vulnerable adults, march to june 2020: An outbreak investigation and screening event
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was unknown before the outbreak began in China in December 2019 and has since spread worldwide (Zhu et al., 2020). The impact of the epidemic has been noted in many community sectors, including institutional settings, such as prisons. Many prison residents are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 and death due to significant co-morbidities, and advanced age in some prisons (Amon, 2020; Kinner et al., 2020).Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Mexico: Symptomatic profiles and presymptomatic people
At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the initial reports showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection promotes pneumonia in mainly older adults, which were the group with a major risk of getting hospitalized and getting mechanical ventilation due to severe COVID-19 disease (Berumen et al., 2020; Giannouchos et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020). However, other age-groups had similar risks due to different factors. Moreover, with regard to control of the pandemic, asymptomatic people have attracted attention due to their ability to transmit the virus without manifesting infection symptoms, which makes them identifiable only by difficult massive tests on the general population.Undetected infectives in the Covid-19 pandemic
A critical issue in the control of an epidemic is to know the exact number of infective subjects. Current estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection are significantly hampered by the difficulty to perform large-scale diagnostic tests, despite the current awareness that the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic is mostly caused by undetected carriers.The collective wisdom in the COVID-19 research: Comparison and synthesis of epidemiological parameter estimates in preprints and peer-reviewed articles
The outbreak of COVID-19 has posed a significant global threat. In response to the emerging infectious disease, the number of research papers has exploded in both formal publications and preprints (Wellcome Trust, 2020). Many journals used a fast track to publish COVID-19 research and made all COVID-19 work freely accessible to facilitate information sharing. In contrast to previous Zika and Ebola outbreaks, scientists were more enthusiastic about posting articles on preprint archives due to the very high transmissibility of COVID-19 (Fraser et al., 2020; Johansson et al., 2018).Early transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa: An epidemiological and phylogenetic report
PubMed, BioRxiv and MedRxiv were searched for reports on epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis using whole genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2. The following keywords were used: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, 2019-nCoV or novel coronavirus and transmission genomics, epidemiology, and phylogenetic or reproduction number. The search identified an important lack of molecular epidemiology studies in the southern hemisphere, with a few reports from Latin America and one from Africa. In other early transmission reports on SARS-CoV-2 infections in Africa, authors focused on transmission dynamics, but molecular and phylogenetic methods were missing.The characteristics and clinical course of patients with COVID-19 who received invasive mechanical ventilation in Osaka, Japan
In Japan, the first laboratory-confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was detected on January 16, 2020. Subsequently, the first case in Osaka was detected on January 29, 2020. On April 7, 2020, in response to the rapid spread of COVID-19, the Japanese government declared a state of emergency (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, 2020a). Early studies showed that 2–12% of patients required invasive mechanical ventilation, and the mortality rate of these patients was 26–97% (Zhou et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2020; Richardson et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020; Grasselli et al., 2020).The role of case importation in explaining differences in early SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Canada—A mathematical modeling study of surveillance data
Both American and Canadian epidemics of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are marked by stark geographic heterogeneities (Mishra et al., 2020). Despite reporting its first case on February 28, 2020—close to a month after Ontario on January 25th and British Columbia on January 28th—Quebec quickly became the epicenter of the Canadian COVID-19 epidemic. The disease’s mortality burden in that province, at 653 per million population, was 3.5 times as high as neighboring Ontario (186 per million) and 19 times that of British Columbia (at 35 per million) at the end of the first spring 2020 wave (Groupe de surveillance provinciale de la, 2020).Epidemiological Characteristics and Factors Associated with Critical Time Intervals of COVID-19 in Eighteen Provinces, China: A Retrospective Study
As of September 20, 2020, a total of more than 30 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as more than 900,000 deaths had been reported by World Health Organization (WHO) in the worldwide (World Health Organization, 2020a; World Health Organization, 2020b). At the same time, China had reported 85,291 lab confirmed cases with 4,634 deaths (China National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2020a). Despite the WHO and international community declared and took many efforts to control this pandemic in time, our knowledge about the COVID-19 is still very limited, and the number of daily reported cases is still increasing sharply worldwide (Organization, 2020b).Human respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, circulating in the winter season 2019–2020 in Parma, Northern Italy
Viral infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts are among the most common illnesses in humans. They occur mainly in children and infants, who can experience up to five to six episodes in any given year (Berry et al., 2015). For this reason, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) represent a persistent public health problem. Although the majority of ARIs remain confined to the upper respiratory tract (rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheitis), they can cause severe manifestations when they affect the lower respiratory tract (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia) (Bicer et al., 2013; Tregoning and Schwarze, 2010; Zappa et al., 2008).Is Colombia an example of successful containment of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic? A critical analysis of the epidemiological data, March to July 2020
By July 25, Colombia had confirmed 240 795 cases of COVID-19 and 8269 deaths (case fatality rate of 3.4%). All departments had reported cases, but 292 municipalities were apparently free of COVID-19 (26%) and 373 (33.2%) had seen limited transmission. Specific mortality rates by department ranged from 0 in Vichada to 1278 in Amazonas, which was 7.8 times the national rate (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 7.8, 95% confidence interval 6.4–9.5). Using a conservative approach to assess the potential underestimation of cases, it was estimated that, by July 25, Colombia should have detected 1 328 175 cases instead of the actual 240 795 observed, an underestimation of 82%.Asymptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers: A study in a large teaching hospital in Wuhan, China
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a large number of related deaths and multiple healthcare-associated outbreaks (Zhu et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020a; Huang et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2020a). Investigators have summarised the clinical characteristics of initial onset in cases (Huang et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2020a): some had atypical clinical manifestations (e.g. severe cases only had moderate or low fever or even no fever), while some mild cases did not have pneumonia and only had low fever or mild fatigue (NHC, 2020; Guan et al., 2020).Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants collected in Russia during the COVID-19 outbreak
On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic (WHO, 2020a). The outbreak started as a cluster of pneumonia cases in late December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (WHO, 2020b); it has now reached the magnitude of over 12 million confirmed cases in 188 countries worldwide (Dong et al., 2020; (COVID-19 Dashboard, 2020).Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in Daegu, South Korea
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by a new emerging coronavirus, currently named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. Now, COVID-19 has spread to over 200 countries within only four months (Hui et al., 2020; World Health Organization, 2020a). In South Korea, the first case infected with SARS-CoV-2, a Chinese visitor from Wuhan, was reported on January 20, 2020 (Kim et al., 2020).COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil: Where are we at?
Introduction: Brazil was the first South American country to report a confirmed case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), on February 26, 2020, in São Paulo state [1]. Since then, the country has presented a complex epidemiological scenario, with marked regional differences. Here, we aimed to analyze the trends of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 by Federal Units (FU).Ascertainment rate of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Japan
As of March 1, 2020, a total of 58 countries had reported at least one confirmed case of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and the cumulative number of deaths had reached 2977 persons across the world (WHO, 2020). To achieve appropriate countermeasures, it is vital to understand the current epidemiological situations of the COVID-19 epidemic.Do superspreaders generate new superspreaders? A hypothesis to explain the propagation pattern of COVID-19
The patterns of propagation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2003 were not explained by conventional epidemic models that assumed homogeneity of infectiousness. Instead, the existing datasets were best matched by models that used negative binomial distributions, in which a small proportion of cases were highly infectious (Lloyd-Smith et al., 2005; McDonald et al., 2004; Shen et al., 2004). Data and modelling supported the existence of superspreaders, which played a crucial role in propagating the disease by being very efficient at transmitting SARS-CoV-1, such that in the absence of superspreading events most cases infected few, if any, secondary contacts (Stein, 2011).Epidemic update of COVID-19 in Hubei Province compared with other regions in China
Since the first atypical pneumonia case, caused by a novel coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, China on December 31, 2019 (WHO, 2020a), the novel coronavirus infection outbreak quickly spread in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province and other districts of Hubei Province with a further spread across the Chinese mainland. By 29 Feb 2020 a total of 79,824 cases of infection had been confirmed nationwide including all administrative regions, with another 851 suspected cases. COVID-19 cases were also reported in Thailand, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, the US, and some countries in Europe (CCDCPC, 2019).COVID-19: Four Paediatric Cases in Malaysia
This is a brief report of 4 paediatric cases of COVID-19 infection in MalaysiaAdoption of personal protective measures by ordinary citizens during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a global problem (WHO, 2020b). As of March 23, 2020, the global number of reported cases of COVID-19 totaled approximately 330,000 cases, with 14,510 deaths (WHO, 2020c). Japan reported the first case of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 on January 15, 2020, following confirmed cases in China and Thailand (WHO, 2020d). The number of patients is increasing daily.Pneumonia in children admitted to the national referral hospital in Bhutan: A prospective cohort study
Pneumonia is the single largest cause of mortality in children aged under five years, causing an estimated 15.5% of all deaths in children under five years of age, and over 800,000 paediatric deaths annually (Liu et al., 2016; UN IGME, 2018). Most of these lives could be saved through more effective and equitable health system interventions, combining prevention, early and accurate diagnosis, and treatment (Walker et al., 2013; Rambaud-Althaus et al., 2015). The main pneumonia burden remains disproportionately concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (Walker et al., 2013).The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know
Coronaviruses (CoVs), a large family of single-stranded RNA viruses, can infect animals and also humans, causing respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and neurologic diseases (Weiss and Leibowitz, 2013). As the largest known RNA viruses, CoVs are further divided into four genera: alpha-coronavirus, beta- coronavirus, gamma-coronavirus and delta-coronavirus (Yang and Leibowitz, 2015). To date, there have been six human coronaviruses (HCoVs) identified, including the alpha-CoVs HCoVs-NL63 and HCoVs-229E and the beta-CoVs HCoVs-OC43, HCoVs-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) (Drosten et al., 2020), and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) (Zaki et al., 2012).Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis
In December, 2019, a cluster of cases of “pneumonia of unknown origin” has been reported in Wuhan, China. Only a few days later, Chinese health authorities confirmed that this cluster was associated with coronavirus (Hui et al., 2020) and the disease caused by it was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO. Confirmed by comparative homology analysis, COVID-19 is closely associated with bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (bat-SL-covzc45 and bat-SL-covzxc21, with 88% identity), but is far away from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (about 79%) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (about 50%) (Lu et al., 2020).Serial interval of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections
The epidemic of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections that began in China in late 2019 has rapidly grown and cases have been reported worldwide. An empirical estimate of the serial interval—the time from illness onset in a primary case (infector) to illness onset in a secondary case (infectee)—is needed to understand the turnover of case generations and transmissibility of the disease (Fine, 2003). Estimates of the serial interval can only be obtained by linking dates of onset for infector-infectee pairs, and these links are not easily established.Estimation of the reproductive number of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the probable outbreak size on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: A data-driven analysis
A novel coronavirus (COVID-19), which originated from Wuhan, China, has spread to 25 countries worldwide. Up to February 16, 2020, the cumulative number of confirmed cases were 70548 in China (National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2020) and 683 in other countries (World Health Organization, 2020). The whole world, especially China, has taken extraordinary measures to contain the outbreak of COVID-19, and the effects were already present.
