Coronavirus (COVID-19) Collection
SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission in a twin-pregnant woman: a case report
SARS-CoV-2 represents one of the most threatening infections in the last century, affecting millions of people worldwide (World Health Organization, 2020) ( covid19.who.int ).Acute asthma exacerbation due to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine [ComirnatyⓇ])
The most common adverse reactions of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccine (ComirnatyⓇ) were local reactions at the injection site, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, and fever (Thomas et al., 2021). A serious allergic reaction involved anaphylaxis, but the incidence was very low, and other allergic reactions have been uncertain. We herein report a patient who developed acute asthma exacerbation after receiving the third dose of the BNT16b2 vaccine, who was considered likely to have been sensitized to the BNT16b2 vaccine during repeated vaccination.The first case of meningitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 variant infection with persistent viremia
Neurological symptoms of COVID-19 are highly frequent and disabling (Wan et al., 2021). Severe neurological disorders such as encephalitis, meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and vascular events have been described in anecdotal reports or in case series. Here, we describe the first case of a female patient infected with the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 Omicron variant of concern (VoC) meningitis with newly diagnosed central demyelinating disease.Simultaneous co-infection with Omicron (B.1.1.529) and Delta (21A/478K.V1) SARS-CoV-2 variants confirmed by whole genome sequencing
The national data of the epidemiological survey of COVID-19 variants carried out in France has shown a predominance of the Delta variant (21A/478K.V1) since June 29, 2021 (Santé publique France 2021). Since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first reported (WHO, 2021), it has rapidly spread worldwide. Preliminary evidence suggests an increased risk of reinfection with this variant compared with other variants of concern (VOCs) (WHO, 2021) but no simultaneous co-infection. We described herein a case of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta VOCs co-infection, confirmed by whole genome sequencing (WGS).SARS-CoV-2 dual infection with Delta and Omicron variants in an immunocompetent host: a case report
Dual infections (those caused by two different viral variants) have been described with RNA viruses but are rare among respiratory viral infections (Calistri et al., 2011; Myers et al., 2011). For SARS-CoV-2, few cases of dual infection have been reported, despite an extremely high number of persons being infected worldwide (Francisco et al., 2021; Pedro et al., 2021; Roychoudhury et al., 2022; Samoilov et al., 2021; Vankeerberghen et al., 2021). However, pinning down these cases is complicated; they can be identified with higher probability during the transition from dominance of one SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern to another in the population.Acute encephalopathy in a 6-year-old child with concurrent COVID-19 infection: a case report from Saudi Arabia
Although the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 is the respiratory system, neurologic manifestations, including encephalopathy, have been reported in some patients (Akın et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2021; McAbee et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2022; Vraka et al., 2021). The first case of meningoencephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in an adult patient in March 2020, with a positive specific SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Poyiadji et al., 2020). Since then, only a few case reports have described the association of COVID-19 with encephalopathy or encephalitis in children (Gaughan et al.Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in a young adult successfully treated with plasmapheresis, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids: a case report
A novel condition named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has raised alarm the worldwide, as it mainly affects children and leads to severe illness and long-term effects (Jiang et al., 2020). Usually, it presents 2 to 6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection with fever, abdominal symptoms, acute cardiac injury, and shock and it has similarities with severe forms of Kawasaki disease (KD) (Feldstein et al., 2020). However, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) occurs more rarely than a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and mainly in young adults.Chronic active Epstein-Barr exacerbated by COVID-19 co-infection
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the human Herpesviridae family (Dunmire et al., 2018). It infects over 90% of adults worldwide. Typically, it is transmitted through the oral route through the exchange of saliva, where it targets B-cells and epithelial cells in the tonsils. It then undergoes an incubation where it sheds intermittently into the blood and saliva. When the immune system tries to neutralize it, the virus becomes latent and remains in B-cells for the individual's lifetime (Dunmire et al., 2018).Genomic evidence of co-identification with Omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants: a report of two cases
A new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern (VOC) assigned to the lineage B.1.1.529, designated as Omicron, was reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by South African scientists on November 24, 2021 (World Health Organization, 2021). The first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by the Omicron variant were reported to originate from Botswana and South Africa (World Health Organization, 2021). In Belgium, the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by the Omicron variant was identified in late November 2021 (Vanmechelen et al., 2022).Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Adult after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report
The introduction of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 brought hope to end the pandemic, save lives, begin economic recovery, and restore social life. An unprecedented number of mass vaccination campaigns globally were initiated to curb transmission, prevent hospitalizations and deaths, and reestablish normalcy (Our World in Data, 2021). The mRNA-based BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine has demonstrated a high efficacy rate with an acceptable safety profile and was rapidly rolled out through several nationwide vaccination campaigns (Frenck et al., 2021; Polack et al., 2020; Our World in Data, 2021).Varicella zoster meningitis following COVID-19 vaccination: a report of two cases
In Thailand, immunization against COVID-19 began in February 2021. The two major types of vaccines used are inactivated (CoronaVac or Sinovac®) and viral vector (AstraZeneca®). Globally, there have been a number of case reports of reactivation of varicella zoster infection within 28 days after immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Chiu et al., 2021; Furer et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021; McMahon et al., 2021; Psichogiou et al., 2021; Rodríguez-Jiménez et al., 2021). A few cases have also been reported after viral vector and inactivated COVID-19 vaccination (Aksu and Öztürk, 2021; Arora et al., 2021; Bostan and Yalici-Armagan, 2021; Chiu et al., 2021).Antibody responses after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in an individual with history of COVID-19 re-infection
Since December 2019, COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide (Hayakawa et al., 2020). As of January 25th, 2022, 544 re-infected COVID-19 cases have been reported worldwide (BNO news. 2022; Inada et al., 2021).SARS-CoV-2’s high rate of genetic mutation under immune selective pressure: from oropharyngeal B.1.1.7 to intrapulmonary B.1.533 in a vaccinated patient
This is the case report of an 84-year-old man with a medical history of chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension, and coronary and peripheral arterial disease, who was admitted to our unit with dyspnoea and suspected COVID-19 disease contracted after partial vaccination (Figure 1A).Successful Treatment of a Patient With Severe COVID-19 Using an Integrated Approach Addressing Mast Cells and Their Mediators
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells, leading to a complex immune response that involves the release of mediators, most of which are released from mast cells, leading to lung edema, fibrosis, inflammation, and microthromboses—hallmarks of COVID-19. Here, we report on a patient who was initially hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia as well as physical and mental fatigue. Despite having been treated with albuterol, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, convalescent plasma, and dexamethasone, her condition continued to worsen to the extent that she was considered for double lung transplant.Trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG levels following transfusion and a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in a patient with massive postoperative bleeding: A case report
Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with 2 doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine has been reported to produce neutralizing antibodies and be highly effective in preventing the disease (Dagan et al., 2021; Walsh et al., 2020). However, neutralizing antibodies decrease within 6 months, which may make vaccinated patients and health care workers susceptible to nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection (Levin et al., 2021; Naaber et al., 2021; Tartof et al., 2021). A third dose has been shown to increase neutralizing antibodies to a protective level (Bar-On et al., 2021; Pfizer, 2021).Fatal thrombotic microangiopathy with rhabdomyolysis as an initial symptom after the first dose of mRNA–1273 vaccine: A case report
Although the messenger RNA (mRNA)-based mRNA-1273 vaccine is highly efficacious against COVID-19 (Baden et al., 2021), it has been reported to cause rare but serious thrombotic adverse events such as vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) (Greinacher et al., 2021). In addition to VITT, cases of rhabdomyolysis after COVID-19 vaccination have recently been reported (Ajmera, 2021; Faissner et al., 2021).SARS-CoV-2 attacks the weakest point - COVID-19 course in a pediatric patient with Friedreich's ataxia
The most common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children are fever, cough, and pharyngitis (Mania et al., 2021). The severe course of COVID-19 infection in children (4–5%) (Cui et al., 2021) mainly affects patients with chronic diseases (Gallo et al., 2021), especially cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurologic disorders (Tsabouri et al., 2021). The virus entry point into the cell is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The tissues with the highest expression of the receptor may be more susceptible to damage (Muus C et al., 2021).Hypersensitivity reaction to hyaluronic acid dermal filler after COVID-19 vaccination: A series of cases in São Paulo, Brazil
Brazil ranks third for the number of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and second for the mortality rate worldwide; however, vaccination is changing the scenario quickly. In São Paulo, by December 15, 2021, 78.0% of the population was fully vaccinated (Vacinômetro Governo do Estado de São Paulo). In 2019, according to the International Society for Aesthetic Surgery (ISAPS), Brazil ranked second for the number of aesthetic procedures performed (Global Survey 2019). Dermal fillers using hyaluronic acid (HA) have become popular for enhancing facial features in recent years (Batista, 2017).Constrictive pericarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with a wide range of cardiovascular complications such as myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism (Chang et al., 2021). Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has been widely adopted to prevent the spread of COVID-19, vaccine-associated cardiovascular complications, such as myocarditis and pericarditis, have been reported (Bozkurt et al., 2021; Pepe et al., 2021).Case report: Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia related to messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccination
Patients with respiratory comorbidities are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 (Aveyard et al., 2021, Drake et al., 2020); hence, these individuals are primary candidates for vaccination against the disease. In a phase 2/3 trial, which included 1,478 patients with chronic pulmonary disease, the short-term safety of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine was established (Polack et al., 2020). Recently, few severe adverse events associated with vaccination, such as anaphylaxis (Shimabukuro et al., 2021) and myocarditis (Bozkurt et al., 2021, Montgomery et al., 2021), were reported in a healthy population.A case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults following natural infection and subsequent immunization
A 21-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) with a 2-day history of chest pain, dyspnea, and leg edema. She had previously received positive test results for the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant through nasopharyngeal (NP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing 6 weeks before this acute illness. She was asymptomatic at the time of testing, with the test performed in the context of workplace exposure. Notably, 27 days after she tested positive, she received her first dose of the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine (Moderna) without immediate adverse reactions.The case of fatal acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis in a two-month-old boy with Covid-19.
SARS-CoV-2 infection is benign in most pediatric patients (Bailey et al., 2021; He et al., 2020). However, its clinical course in children is highly variable, with many asymptomatic or monosymptomatic cases with anosmia and hypogeusia. Among hospitalized children, fever, chills and gastrointestinal symptoms prevail, whereas cough and respiratory signs are less common (Kim L. 2020). It has been established that the SARS-CoV-2 virus has neuroinvasive properties (Iadecola et al., 2020; Severo Bem Junior et al., n.d.Efficacy of Pfizer-BioNTech in SARS-CoV-2 Delta cluster
With the world in a race to vaccinate as many people as possible, concerns about vaccine efficacy have continued to arise, particularly related to variants of concern (VoC). The latest variant to be upgraded to a VoC was first discovered in India: B.1.617. This variant has three different subtypes including Delta or B.1.617.2, which has become the most reported lineage in India and has been responsible for a devastating second wave of infection in the country (Outbreak.info, 2021). This variant is defined by seven mutations in the spike protein, two of which – L452R and T478K – are suspected to increase transmissibility (Adam, 2021).COVID-19 in an immunocompromised host: persistent shedding of viable SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of multiple mutations: a case report
Throughout the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) pandemic, clinicians have faced the challenge of interpreting the results of SARS-CoV-2 to distinguish infectious virus particles from non-infectious virus particles. Previously, immunocompromised patients have remained SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for up to 151 days (Choi et al., 2020). Although detection of viral genomic material does not confirm the presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2, continued viral shedding raises questions regarding the potential for disease transmission and viral mutation, particularly among the severely immunocompromised, in whom SARS-CoV-2 is detected weeks after symptom onset.Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome after reinfection and vaccine breakthrough by the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant in Brazil
With the ongoing pandemic, long-term manifestations are being observed in COVID-19 recovered patients. This is defined as Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by the persistence of symptoms after 4 weeks from the onset of the disease. It presents a broad spectrum of manifestations, which may encompass all organs and systems and nonspecific symptoms (Nalbandian et al., 2021). The diagnosis is often hard to establish, the exact underlying pathophysiology mechanisms remain unknown (Greenhalgh et al., 2020), and the frequency of occurrence is not established.
